Chapter 1: Internet Basics

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NETWORK:

 

Network is a group of computing devices linked together to share resource.

                                          OR
A Network is a collection of two or more computer, which are connected together to share resource.

 

Advantage

·         It is used for communication and data sharing.

·         It reduces hardware cost and save money.

 

Disadvantage

·         It is a major sources of Virus.

·         It poses security difficulties.

 

 

INTERNET

 

The Internet is a huge network of computer that links many different types of computer all over the world. It is a network of networks.

 

Advantage

·         It is used for E-Learning, E-Banking, E-Commerce, E-Searching or Information Searching.

·         It is used for communication and sending E-mail.

·         It is used for downloading and uploading various data.

 

Disadvantage

·         Cyber frauds may place involving Credit/Debit card numbers.

·         It is a major sources of Virus.

·         It is difficult to check accuracy of Information on the Internet.

 

 

INTRANET

 

Intranet is a collection of private computer network within an organization. It is also known as corporate portal or private business network.

 

Examples of intranet services include Microsoft SharePoint, Huddle, Igloo, and Jostle.

 

 

 

INTERNET PROTOCOL:

 

1.    TCP/IP:

All computer on the Internet communicate with one another using TCP/IP Which is basic protocol of the Internet.

TCP breaks data into smaller packets that are transmitted over the Internet and also reassemble these smaller packets into the original data that are received from Internet. Each packet contain data and address part. 

 

IP handles the address part of each packet, so that the data is send to the correct address.

 

Characteristics of IP address:

·         IP addresses are unique 

·         IP addresses are also global and standardized.

 

 

2.    SMTP(Simple Mail Transfer Protocol):

Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) is the standard protocol for email services on a TCP/IP network. SMTP provides the ability to send and receive email messages.

SMTP is an application-layer protocol that enables the transmission and delivery of email over the Internet. SMTP is created and maintained by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)

 

3.    POP3 (Post Office Protocol):

POP3 is an older protocol that was originally designed to be used on only one computer. Unlike modern protocols that use two-way synchronization, POP3 only supports one-way email synchronization, only allowing users to download emails from a server to a client.

 



 

 4.    HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol)

HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) is the set of rules for transferring files -- such as text, images, sound, video and other multimedia files -- over the web. As soon as a user opens their web browser, they are indirectly using HTTP.

 

5.    Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure (HTTPS)

It is an extension of the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP). It is used for secure communication over a computer network and  widely used on the Internet. In HTTPS, the communication protocol is encrypted using Transport Layer Security (TLS) or formerly known as Secure Sockets Layer (SSL). 

 

 

TRANSFER PROTOCOL: 

 

1.    FTP (File Transfer Protocol)-

File transfer protocol is an internet protocol used to transfer file between FTP Server and FTP Client. Copying the files from a server to our computer is known as Downloading and copying the files to a server is known as Uploading. 

 

There are two types of FTP Server. 

 

·         Anonymous FTP Server: 

It allows the user to downloading the files on the client machine without creating any account on it. 

 

·         Non-Anonymous FTP Server:

 It does not allow guest user to download its resources but only registered user can access this server through User Id and Password. 

 

 

 

 

INTERNET CONNECTION

 

There are two ways to get Internet connection- 

1.    Wired Media

2.    Wireless Media

 

 

Ø  Wired Media

 

1.    Dial-up Connection:

Dial-up connection uses the telephone line and modem to connect to the internet. In Dail-up the Maximum speed of internet is 56 kbps.

 

2.    Broadband Connection:

Broadband Internet service is the mostly used form of Internet access because of its high speeds; it is offered in four different forms, DSL (Digital Subscriber Line), fiber-optic, cable, and satellite.

 

 

Ø  Wireless Media

 

1.    Wifi Connection:

  • Wireless fidelity is a universal wireless networking technology.
  • It uses radio frequency to transfer data. 
  • Wifi allow high speed Internet connection. 
  • Wifi network can be used for public Internet access at hotspot that offers WiFi access.
  • Example - coffee shop, restaurant etc

 

2.    WiMAX:

  • Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access is a broadband wireless technology.
  • It deliver broadband access service to residential and enterprise customers.
  • It has ability to overcome the physical  barrier of wired infrastructure.
  • The range of WiMAX is 30 to 50 km. 

 

3.    LTE:

  • Long term evolution is a high speed wireless broadband technology.
  • It support roaming internet access. 
  • Access by Cell phone and handheld devices.
  • LTE works on multiple frequency bands often vary by country.
  • Example - 3G, 4G, 5G

 

TERMS USED IN INTERNET WORLD:

 

1.    Web Server: 

Web servers are computers that delivers Web-page and other data to a Web client.

 

2.    Web Clients: 

Any computer on the Network that request service from another computer on Internet.

 

3.    Web Browser: 

An Application software on client computer that is used to locate, retrieve and display information on computer screen. Such as Google Crome etc

 

4.    Blog: 

A Blog is a website or a Webpage in which an individual person writes his opinion about a topic. It is updated regularly. The author of blog is called Blogger and this process is known as blogging.

 

5.    News Groups: 

News groups are Internet discussion chat boxes where group of peoples gather to discussion on common topic of interest.

 

6.    Web pages: 

Any digital page /document available on the Internet that is accessible through Internet. It contains data and Information.

 

7.    Website: 

Collection of interconnected webpages is known as Website.

 

8.    Web portal: 

It is a specially designed Website that offers a broad collection of resources such as e-mail, yahoo, India times, amazon etc.

 

9.    Protocol: 

A protocol is a set of rules that computer used to communicate with one another over the network. The “http” in our URL refers to HyperText Transfer Protocol. The “http” is followed by a colon and two forward slashes, then “www,” which refers to the World Wide Web.

 

10. Web address: 

Web address is a URL(Uniform Resource Locator) of any web-site/web-portal with domain extension. Such as 

https//:srglobalschool.org.in/ http//:www.facebook.com/ etc.

 

11. Domain Extension:

The domain name consists of two parts. In our example, “indianhills.edu” is the domain name. where “indianhills” is the host and “.edu” is the top-level domain. 

 

Some common domain name are:-

.com - Commercial website

.org - Organization website

.gov - Government website

.mil - Military website

.edu - Educational Website

.in - India

.uk - United Kingdom

.jp - Japan

 

12. Internet Backbone: 

Internet backbone is a point where one or more networks are connected. Similar as human backbone.

 

13. Gateway: 

Gateway is a hardware device that connects network using different protocol by passing data packet through a common point after translation.

 

 

 

WHO MANAGES THE INTERNET

The Internet is not governed by any single entity. There are several non profit group and organization are helps to manage Internet called Internet governance.

 

Internet governance is the development and application of shared principles, norms, rules, decision-making procedures, and programs that shape the evolution and use of the Internet.

 

Some Internet governance body are:

  • The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF): An international organization with an open membership policy that has several groups. Each group has specific task such as Internet  security, maintain architecture and stability.
  • The Internet Architecture Board (IAB): An IETF committee, the IAB's mission is to oversee the design of Internet protocols and standards.
  • The Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Number (ICANN): A private nonprofit corporation, ICANN manages the Internet's Domain Name Server (DNS) ICANN is responsible for making sure that every domain name links to the correct IP Address.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 


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